Psychotropics in Paediatrics or Adolescents

Psychotropics in Pediatrics or Adolescents Presentation Psychotropic medications will be drugs and concoction details that cross the blood cerebrum obstruction to follow up on the focal sensory system to invigorate the difference in state of mind and conduct of a person. Schatzberg and Nemeroff (2009) underscore that note that these meds are not therapeudic yet rather palliative, and in spite of the fact that they may improve side effects related with different mental issue, they don't fix the essential driver of the clutters. As indicated by Perry (2007), psychotropic prescriptions incorporate antidepressants, antipsychotic or neuroleptics, consideration shortage hyperactivity issue (ADHD) drugs, and antimanic or anxiolytics among others. This paper targets examining the physiological ramifications of utilizing psychotropic meds in pediatric and pre-adult populaces with an inclination on neuroleptic/antipsychotic, anxiolytic/antianxiety and ADHD drugs. While there might be reservations with respect to the utilization of psychotropic medicine in kids and the physiologic impact of these medications on youthful people’s focal sensory system advancement, leaving mental scatters untreated is anything but a feasible choice as clearly upheld by clinical writing. This is on the grounds that untreated psychological sickness may cause foremost long haul grimness and even irreversible deficiencies in socio-passionate and intellectual working. Despite moral and lawful reservations encompassing the utilization of psychotropic medications among pediatric and immature patients, examinations of information on their utilization uncovers quick changing patterns highlighting expanded use. As per Hsia and MacLennan (2009) there was a three-overlap increment of the quantity of kids/youths taking any psychotropic medication somewhere in the range of 1987 and 1996. Immature visit to doctors essentially expanded psychotropic medicines as prove by a n expansion to 8.3% of the medicines in 2001, up from 3.4% in 1994 (Hsia MacLennan, 2009). In 2001, psychotropic solutions made up 8.8% of every single psychopharmacological remedy among patients matured somewhere in the range of 6 and 17 years (Hsia MacLennan, 2009). As far as sex, increasingly male pediatrics and teenagers are on these meds contrasted with their female partners. Because of expanded rates of tension, burdensome, hyper, and other psychotropic issue in pediatrics and young people, there has been an expanded acknowledgment and requirement for utilization of neuroleptics, anxiolytics and stimulant medications in these patients. Neuroleptics and their suggestions on pediatrics/juvenile Neuroleptics, otherwise called significant sedatives or antipsychotic drugs are utilized principally to treat psychoses and manifestations. In pediatrics and young people, they are likewise shown in the treatment of other non-insane mental issue. They are the medications of first decision in treatment of chemical imbalance and schizophrenia in youngsters and pre-adulthood. Kalyna and Virani (2007) clarify that neuroleptics are utilized in treatment of pediatrics and teenagers with seriously forceful lead issue, Tourette’s issue, and incessant engine or vocal spasm issue. Antipsychotic drugs are additionally utilized in the treatment of ADHD however their utilization has diminished because of expanded utilization of energizer prescriptions which are increasingly viable for this issue. Instances of antipsychotic drugs incorporate haloperidol, chlorpromazine, molindone and fluphenazine. More up to date definitions incorporate olanzepine, clozapine, quetiapine, risperidone and zip rasidone (Hamrin, McCarthy Tyson, 2010). The utilization of neuroleptics on pediatrics and young people has a few ramifications. Reactions related with long haul utilization of these prescriptions in this populace incorporate akathesia, intense dystonic responses, parkinsonian side effects, tardive dyskinesia, anticholinergic indications and sedation. They likewise lower seizure limit in helpless subjects and medications, for example, Chlorpromazine ought not be utilized in such patients. Tardive dyskinesia is a grave concern and has been accounted for in around 1 to 20% of pediatrics and young people on long haul utilization of neuroleptics (Kalyna Virani, 2007). It might happen as right on time as 5 months after beginning of treatment or may postpone to as long as 3 years. Since pediatrics and youths have more dopamine receptors than grown-ups, they are increasingly touchy to symptoms influencing the focal sensory system. Long haul utilization of neuroleptics ought to be evaded in this populace however †¦.contends th at low portions might be suggested in chosen troublesome cases. Opposite symptoms related with neuroleptics incorporate weight increase, sporadic menses and bosom broadening in youths. Doran (2013) records that second-age hostile to crazy (SGA’s) medications can cause metabolic unsettling influences and weight gain in pediatrics and teenagers in any event, during first-time treatment. For example, in a preliminary of treatment of schizophrenia with olanzapine, 30% of the pediatric/pre-adult subjects put on weight contrasted with 6% in grown-up subjects (Doran, 2013). Different SGAs, for example, risperidone, quetiapine and clozapine likewise posted comparative outcomes with the pediatric/juvenile subjects picking up between 0.9 to 16.2 kilograms (Doran, 2013). Withdrawal of neuroleptics or bringing down of the dose may prompt withdrawal new condition with resultant disturbance of crazy indications. This has been accounted for in pediatrics and side effects incorporate ataxia, retching and queasiness. In an examination by Vitiello (2008) as high as 51% of the pediatric patients indicated the withdrawal manifestations, for the most part happening following scarcely any days to not many weeks after medication withdrawal. Clozapine has been related with passings of two pediatric patients with the system being connected to unexpected discontinuance of treatment (Vitiello, 2008). Haloperidol has been exhibited to meddle with the kids and adolescent’s day by day schedule including social and school exercises. Neuroleptics increment sedation, laziness and sluggishness in pediatrics and youths than in grown-ups; for example, this was exhibited in 30% to 49% of pediatric patients being treated with Risperidone as opposed to 7% of grown-ups ta king a similar medication for bipolar madness (Hamrin, McCarthy Tyson, 2010). Anxiolytics and their suggestions on pediatric/young people Anxiolytics are psychopharmacologic drugs used to treat nervousness issue in pediatrics and youths. Different conditions for which they may utilized incorporate rest issue, forceful practices and psychosis. They incorporate specific serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) benzodiazepines, tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and busipirone. Nervousness issue are incredibly overwhelming in youth; somewhere in the range of 6 and 20% of kids have a sort of uneasiness issue (Kalyna Virani, 2007). Doran (2013) records that utilization of benzodiazepines in pediatrics and youths has significantly increased in the course of the most recent 10 years. Anxiolytics are prescribed to be utilized simply after a fallout of an occasion for example awful accident and ought to be utilized for brief periods (not over about fourteen days) to stay away from the danger of creating dependence or decreased viability. An ongoing survey shows that SSRIs have become the favored pharmacological intercession for pediatric uneasiness issue. They have intense anxiolytic impacts and their resilience among pediatrics and youths is high. In any case, this class of psychotropic medications has been related with expanded self-destructive ideation. An all around archived discussion in pediatric and juvenile psychopharmacology happened in 2003 when FDA gave open alarm cautioning prescribers of expanded ideation and endeavors of self destruction among patients underneath 18 years on anxiolytics (Vitiello, 2008). This added to a significant drop in paces of conclusion and remedy of these medications among pediatric and immature populace. Afterward, after a meta-examination of various clinical preliminaries of nine medications in this class, it was exhibited that there was just a minimal increment (0.7%) expansion in the self-destructive ideation with no real increment in finished suicides (Schatzberg Nemeroff, 2009). Notwithstanding, this has prompted appropriation of a multidisciplinary approach towards the board of pediatric and juvenile despondency to include both pharmacological and non-pharmacological mediations. Cardiovascular unfriendly impacts are regularly detailed with most enemy of uneasiness meds on the grounds that these medications follow up on the autonomic framework. Such symptoms remember increment for pulse and changes in circulatory strain. In spite of the fact that these symptoms are for the most part not of major clinical importance while taking psychotropic prescriptions, tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs, for example, desipramine have been uncertainly connected to abrupt passing among pediatric patients (Kalyna Virani, 2007). Along these lines, it is basic for the recommending doctors to take a far reaching tolerant history, just as screen the electrocardiograms, pulse and circulatory strain changes of the pediatric and immature patients previously and during treatment with psychotropic operators, for example, TCAs. Lamotrigine plainly builds the hazard for serious skin responses and hives in pediatrics and youths (Dulcan, 2010). Another basic thought in anxiolytic utilization of medications in these subjects is tranquilize cooperations. Medications that restrain the cytochrome P450 catalyst framework could effectsly affect the subjects if associatively managed with anxiolytics (Perry, 2007). Antifungal medications and a few anti-infection agents, for example, erythromycin when co-regulated with SSRIs, for example, fluoxetine can cause cardiovascular arrhythmias (Perry, 2007). Others, for example, imipramine and Lamotrigine can cause poisonous insanity (Hamrin, McCarthy Tyson, 2010). The prescribers must report all prescriptions that may have sedate medication connections with psychotropics just as those that have immediate or backhanded impact on the cytochrome P450 catalyst framework. ADHD drugs and their suggestions on pediatrics/young people Energizers utilized in the board of ADHD are probably the most utilized psych

Sister Emmanuelle- Her Life Essays - Emmanuelle, Free Essays

Sister Emmanuelle-Her Life Essays - Emmanuelle, Free Essays Sister Emmanuelle-Her Life Sister Emmanuelle-Her Life of Accomplishments A: Summary of Sister Emmanuelles Life Sister Emmanuelle was Christened Madeleine Cinquin and was conceived in Brussels on the sixteenth of November 1908. She was one of three kids to Berthe Lenssens and Jules Cinquin. Madelienes father shockingly suffocated when she was six during a sea shore side occasion. She experienced childhood in Belgium, yet during the First World War, her mom moved them to Paris for a year, and afterward came back to Belgium one year later. She was shown English by a British Governess and exceeded expectations in her homework. By the age of twelve, Madeleine needed to be a religious recluse. She was motivated by Father Damien, a Catholic Priest who helped Leprosy victims in Hawaii. In the wake of finding out about demonstrations of good cause, Madeleine Cinquin chose to utilize every one of her endeavors to helping the individuals who were not as lucky as she seemed to be. She joined the Order of Our Lady of Sion and changed her name to Sister Emmanuelle when she took her pledges in 1923. Emmanuelle implies God is with us. She instructed in religious circle schools for wealthy youngsters, however Sister Emmanuelle felt that she should utilize her instructing aptitudes to instruct those less blessed kids, so she stopped educating in Turkey and Tunisia and seeked in aiding those in Egypt. A Popes agent knew about Sister Emmanuelle wishes and proposed she helped the a huge number of deny authorities known as the zabaleen in Egypt. The zabaleen, which implies foulness or waste, lived on the edges of Egypt at a trash dump called Ezbet El Nakhl. Ezbet El Nakhl was a filthy spot occupied by decline gatherers who gathered the waste of Egypt for next to no compensation and lived in a poor, messy and unhygienic spot where the trash of Egypt was put away and arranged. The kids were uneducated and had no chance to get of engaging themselves so they stumbled into difficulty. Sister Emmanuelle moved into Ezbet El Nakhl in 1971 and lived in a little one lives cabin with not very many belongings. She was 60 years of age at that point. She chose to surrender her extravagances and live like the numerous zabaleen companions that she had made. She went into the city ordinarily at 5 oclock toward the beginning of the day for mass at the city religious circle. Sister Emmanuelle lived with almost no food and needed to endure the numerous issues that the zabaleen lived with, similar to white worms in food supplies and lodging, bugs and infection. Sister Emmanuelle had not been at Ezbet El Nakhl long when she chose to open a school in her extra room. She acknowledged any offspring of any religion who was happy to learn. Sister Emmanuelle took her little class on many field outings to Egypt and for some, it was their first time into Egypt separated from gathering waste. She opened a school for men and many appeared at get familiar with the Arabic letter set. Sister Emmanuelle was frantic for an adolescent club and focus to support the Zabaleen. She set about gathering 15 000 from the nearby causes and help assets around Europe. She at last accomplished this two years after the fact. A kitchen, club, pool, football field and parlor was set up for the young people of the Ezbet El Nakhl. She considered it the 'Salam Center,' which is Arabic for harmony. It was opened on the 29th of March in 1979 and the inside additionally gives social, clinical, social and instructive assistance. At the point when Sister Emmanuelle was happy with her work at Ezbet El Nakhl, she proceeded onward to Mokkatam; a reject authorities dump which was in more terrible condition than Ezbet El Nakhl. Sister Emmanuelle began crafted by gathering cash from noble cause to fabricate a manufacturing plant for treating the soil material, which she at last accomplished. Sister Emmanuelles work in the waste ghettos contributed incredibly to the advancement and everyday environments in the deny gatherers lives. Indeed, even at 77 years old, she was all the while gathering cash for the deny authorities. B. Sister Emmanuelles Christian Motivation In Sister Emanuelle's initial life, she was intensely impacted by Christian confidence and numerous Christians were her inspiration. Through compelling creatures, Sister Emmanuelle turned into an individual who was eager to help other people and dedicate her aptitudes for the requirements of others. At the point when Sister Emmanuelle was eleven,

Issues Concerning Domestic Violence Essay Example

Issues Concerning Domestic Violence Paper One of the most muddled issues confronting most human services experts and legislative offices today is that of aggressive behavior at home. Aggressive behavior at home incorporates any brutality that is perpetrated upon one relative by another relative. In this way, abusive behavior at home can be depicted as companion misuse, youngster misuse, kin misuse, or senior maltreatment. Most specialists propose that abusive behavior at home is normally communicated in viciousness against ladies and youngsters. Such demonstrations of brutality can include social insurance experts in the treatment of physical wounds, the mental effect upon the person in question, or the forceful conduct of the abuser. Regularly legislative offices are called upon to examine such issues to guarantee the wellbeing of the people in question or to decide suitable discipline for the guilty party. Be that as it may, given the significance of the bonds and privileges of the family that our way of life keeps up, it is hard to decide when the circumstance at home â€Å"is no one’s business† and when it merits intercession from outside gatherings so as to ensure the government assistance of those included. In spite of these challenges and complexities, aggressive behavior at home is viewed as an overall medical issue requiring pressing mediation. We will compose a custom exposition test on Issues Concerning Domestic Violence explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Issues Concerning Domestic Violence explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Issues Concerning Domestic Violence explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Physical maltreatment takes numerous structures including hitting, punching, pulling hair, slapping, snatching, gnawing, kicking, breaking bones, wounding, consuming, turning arms, tossing casualties against dividers and furniture, tossing items and utilizing weapons. It likewise incorporates harming family unit products, executing pets, and refusal of human needs, similar to rest and sustenance. Ambush can be of a dangerous sort bringing about broken bones, unsuccessful labors and different genuine wounds. A considerable extent of casualties are undermined or ambushed with weapons, for example, blades, guns and tomahawks. Physical viciousness can bring about homicide and regularly prompts genuine physical injury. The wounds are not constantly clear as abusers regularly ensure the indications of their assaults are covered up under apparel. For some ladies there is a genuine and consistent danger of death on account of the earnestness of the maltreatment. Sexual maltreatment in the house is abusive behavior at home. Sex without assent is rape. Rape could possibly include physical power. Sexual maltreatment is undesirable sexual contact. Numerous men despite everything accept that they reserve the privilege to boundless sexual access to their spouses. Obnoxious attack comprises of censorious remarks, affront and steady put-downs. Absence of physical allure, mediocrity, failure to adapt and prevail all alone and being informed that she is certifiably not a decent mother/spouse/maid. After some time this steady embarrassment will wreck a womens confidence in herself and seriously influence her confidence. She starts to take on the damaging portrayals as though they are genuine and along these lines may begin to accept that shes useless, that the viciousness is her issue. It must be remembered that obligation regarding the brutality lies exclusively with the culprit, not the person in question. Dangers are normal type of boisterous attack, planned for threatening the lady to such and degree that the abuser is in absolute control. Dangers by a man to execute a lady in the event that she leaves him are regularly revealed by survivors of abusive behavior at home. Psychological mistreatment firmly connected to obnoxious attack, these practices are additionally planned for threatening the person in question and stripping her of her fearlessness. Practices incorporate pulverizing family unit/individual property intentionally harming/harming/murdering residential pets, hardship of basic individual needs, for example, nourishment, rest, clean things ect. The force which they provide so as to control and threaten the other accomplice. A scope of conduct is included, including obnoxious attack proposed to crush different people confidence. For instance, a culprits conduct may prompt his accomplice to accept she is crazy, inept or futile. The impact is regularly combined, happening over an extensive stretch of time with harming ramifications for the mishandled people feeling of self. Otherworldly maltreatment depicts the harm viciousness does to the soul of the individuals who have been manhandled. For certain ladies this can't be compared with mental or psychological mistreatment. otherworldly viciousness is more profound than a people understanding of disloyalty: it includes the disgrace experienced when everybody in the network knows about the brutality, and when they also are involved as survivors of the savagery. Exploitation might be founded on race, shading, or different types of distinguishing proof with that network , and it incorporates the maltreatment experienced a background marked by annihilation or mistreatment. Monetary maltreatment this happens where the man has all out command over every single money related asset. For instance, he may deny the lady to work or on the off chance that she does he may demand that she hands over her check to him unopened. She may need to ask for cash to purchase necessities and when it is given it might frequently be lacking. She is then scrutinized for being moronic or awkward in neglecting to give satisfactorily this entirety. Social maltreatment incorporates conveying obnoxious attack before others, for example, put-down, jokes, reactions about the womans weight, appearance, sexuality, knowledge ect. Controlling practices, for example, following her to work, controlling access to companions, consistent calls at work or allegations of envisioned issues ect. Secluding a lady by stigmatizing her loved ones, along these lines driving her to cut herself off on the grounds that she fears angering her better half, securing the ladies or out of the house, removing the phone, never letting her utilization the vehicle ect. Social maltreatment is the steady observing and control of a womens exercises, trips, and companionships. She might be compelled to account herself for her every development, and my be denied the option to leave the home and see her companions. The outcome for the mishandled lady can be open embarrassment and seclusion from companions and different individuals from her family. For a considerable length of time, the maltreatment of spouses by their husbands has been endured by most social orders. In certain societies, it was viewed as a piece of wedded life, a strategy for adequate control. Since men were paid through shares to deal with spouses, the thought was that wives were viewed as property similarly that youngsters were seen. Subsequently, specialists frequently accept that it is improper to meddle in the connection between a man and his significant other or kids. â€Å"There is by all accounts a verifiable, underestimated social standard which makes it genuine for relatives to hit one another. In regard to married couples, as a result, this implies the marriage permit is likewise a hitting license†. As a matter of fact, there is no equity with respect to married couples hitting each other. Moreover, Congress and state lawmaking bodies have passed laws that have helped in the assurance of casualties of aggressive behavior at home and the arraignment of guilty parties. For example,the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act was passed by Congress in 1974 to help states and networks compose programs for guardians who misuse their youngsters. Additionally in 1974, the National Institute of Mental Health built up a national community in Denver to consider the issue all the more altogether and set up a national commission to determine the muddled lawful issues and suggest changes in government and state laws including youngster misuse. Award programs have additionally been supported to recognize the reasons for kid manhandle and give treatment through self improvement projects and lay treatment. Progressively, states are requiring social laborers and clinicians to report all instances of known or suspected youngster maltreatment to kid security experts in their networks. The Cycle of Domestic Violence shows how abusive behavior at home frequently turns into an example contained three phases. The stages fluctuate in time and in seriousness among couples, and even at various occasions inside a similar relationship. It is, at that point, hard to foresee to what extent a couple will stay in one stage or to decide the length of an individual couple’s cycle. Stage 1 is the Tension-Building Phase, which comprises analysis, hollering, swearing, and utilizing furious signals, intimidation, and additionally dangers. Stage 2 is the Violence Phase, which is described by physical and sexual assaults and dangers. Stage 3 is the Seduction Phase that is depicted with statements of regret, accusing, vows to change, and blessings. It additionally clarifies how three elements †(1) love, (2) expectation, and (3) dread keep the cycle moving and make it hard to cut off a rough association. For delineation, (1) Love for one’s accomplice: ‘the relationship has it’s valid statements, it’s not all bad†. (2) Hope that it will change: ‘the relationship didn’t start like this’. (3) Fear that the dangers to execute you or your family will turn into a reality. The Cycle Of Violence PHASE 1: TENSION BUILDING Poor correspondence/arrangement of minor occurrences/diminished control Compliant/great conduct/encounters/expanded strain/limits issues/builds dangers/denies outrage/takes more control/pulls back/controls increasingly/pressure unbearable PHASE 2: ACUTE BATTERING Increased pressure and injury/loss of control Unpredictable, claims loss of control/is defenseless, feels caught/exceptionally oppressive/damaged PHASE 3: KINDNESS AND LOVING BEHAVIOR Tension drops/Renewed love/Increased Tension Often regretful, mindful/blended emotions/is manipulative/feels remorseful also, mindful/pr

Essay Samples For NHS

Essay Samples For NHSNow that you have figured out which site you want to send your electronic submission to, now is the time to find out where to find essay samples for NHS. It is very difficult to find for one reason that very little is published about the subject so if you want to research this topic, you will have to learn more about what the examiners are looking for when reviewing submissions. This is a field that is going to continue to expand over the next few years and even as the EU reaches greater levels of depth and maturity.One of the best places to start looking at essay samples for NHS is the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). NICE is a scientific research body, who are tasked with evaluating the quality of medical practice within the NHS and recommending improvements which should help increase efficiency and reduce cost to the taxpayer. So, it is a good place to start searching to see if you are a good candidate for the exam.To find out what they are looking for, look to the search box and type the word 'papers' and click search. You will then get a list of papers with links to look further into. Once you have done this you should then click on the titles for the essays that you found.Most of the materials that you get are to be used for the doctors and nurses within the NHS who are in the first year of their careers, so you will only find a handful of papers available for this. However, there is a good variety of papers that you will be able to find that will give you a good idea of what you will need to do to prepare.When it comes to what you are expected to say in your essay, it is best to make sure that you base your thoughts on current medical practices and actual patient care so that you can make a fully informed essay. With the many different situations in which a doctor can encounter, it is important that you look at the situations that you might need to deal with and take the best of the situation into account .With the large number of papers on offer from the academics, practitioners and hospital managers who make up the NICE you should have no trouble at all. There is also the fact that these essays will help to help to boost your confidence in your ability to write a good essay, so they are worth taking a look at. These essays are part of the exam, so make sure that you study hard so that you can pass them with flying colours.So, now that you have looked at the essay samples for NHS, you will know where to find them and have a better idea of what you will need to do. So, you can now start creating your medical essay and see how you do.

The Development Of Decision Making - 1238 Words

The Development of Decision-Making in Nursing Nursing is a profession that has traditionally attracted individuals who have a desire to help others and have an interest in the health sciences (Ruesink, 2012). In the complex world of health care, good intentions only go so far in terms of client safety, quality of care, and achieving the best possible outcomes, and that is why critical thinking, decision making, and evidence based practice are crucial to the nursing profession when acting on the behalf of our clients (Fero, Witsberger, Wesmiller, Zullo, Hoffman, 2009; Ruesink, 2012; Thompson, Aitken, Doran, Dowding, 2013). In this paper I will discuss and explore three decision-making models that support nursing decision-making, how†¦show more content†¦The College of Registered Nurses of British Columbia (CRNBC), defines Clinical decision-making as: A complex and dynamic process, occurring within a larger context and drawing from various dimensions of knowledge, in which nurses collect and organize information in order to form conclusions and choose actions, with the intent of creating the best outcomes for clients (2014, slide 19). The nursing profession demands a high standard of quality and safety, compelling nurses to act professionally, be accountable for their own actions, and embrace their Professional Standards (CRNBC, 2013). The CRNBC Professional Standards requires nurses to know where to access information to support their knowledge to deliver evidence-based, competent nursing care, as well as use decision-making tools to guide their assessments, diagnoses, and treatments (2013). For nurses to make clinical decisions that enhance a client’s health, promote realistic solutions, and reduce potential risks, decision making and critical thinking must happen in sync (Fero et al., 2009; Standing, 2005). To support critical thinking in nursing practice, and help novice nurses compensate for the lack of clinical experience, decision-making models have been constructed to help navigate the multi-dimensional complexities of the

The Theory Of Child Sexual Abuse - 901 Words

After reading the article by Rind, Tromovich, and Baserman, and the other associated commentaries I have drawn a few conclusions. First I do not believe in the Rind et al. s final theory that child sexual abuse does not cause intense and extensive harm in the long term. However, I do not fully renounce all of his theories. I have concluded that their final theory needed more precise research and there were holes in their research and theory. I also believe that they did not consider the impact that their article would have on the psychological community, politics, and personal emotional impact. After I read the first article from Rind et al s, I felt shock and anger from the content. I understood that what they wanted to answer a few key questions such as, does child sexual assault (CSA) cause harm, will the harm be intense, and is the experience similar for both boys and girls in terms of the negative effects. 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Case Study - Research Method free essay sample

Case studies are an important research method in areas where innovations are studied. They enable us to study contemporary and complex social phenomena in their natural context. Over the years researchers working from both epistemological perspectives have addressed important methodological issues. A case study is expected to capture the complexity of a single case, and the methodology which enables this has developed not only in the social sciences, such as psychology, sociology, anthropology, and economics, but also in practice-oriented fields such as environmental studies, business studies, social work and Counselling. Explains that there are four questions which are basic elements of any research process. What methods do we propose to use? What methodology governs our choice and use of methods? What theoretical perspective lies behind the methodology in question? What epistemology informs this theoretical perspective? This paper is written to present the case study as a research approach, showing that its characterization is not an easy task, due mainly to its many different approaches and applications. In order to demonstrate its application, I have indicated its most common advantages and disadvantages, stressing the important role played by the researcher, who must be careful about generalizations. Soy (1997) The case study approach refers to a group of methods which emphasize qualitative analysis Yin, (1984, p. 23) simplifies it as, data collected from a small number of associations through methods such as participant-observation, in-depth interviews, and longitudinal studies. The essence of case study methodology is triangulation, the combination on different levels of techniques, methods, strategies, or theories. Crotty (1998, p. 5) explains that research conducted using the data collection method of participant observation, is one of many theoretical perspectives which exemplify a constructionist epistemology. Yin (1984, p. 23) clarifies that case studies are conducted from the positivist as well as from the interpretist epistemological perspective. What is a Case Study? A case study is a research methodology common in social science. Stake (1998, p. 7) points out that â€Å"As a form of research, case study is defined by interest in individual cases, not by the methods of inquiry used†. He goes on to explain that the methods of investigation are not what’s crucial to case study research, but that the object of study is a ‘case’. Skate (1978, p. 5) states that â€Å"case studies will often be the preferred method of research because they may be epistemologically in harmony with the readers experience and thus to that person a natural basis for generalization† The term CASE STUDY is used in a variety of ways: 1. As an alternative to experimental (scientific) and quantitative (positivist) methods. 2. As an intensive investigation of single situations which serve to identify and describe basic phenomena. 3. Focusing on individuals perceptions of given educational phenomena, carried out largely by means of interviews. 4. As a study which is almost entirely qualitative in methodology and presentation. 5. As a type of ethnographic research, incorporating participant observation, qualitative observation and field study. (Ethnographic studies are those that take place within a definable cultural setting). Yin (2003) in Hayes (2006) The Wikipedia gives Thomas’s (2011) definition as: Case studies are analyses of persons, events, decisions, periods, projects, policies, institutions, or other systems that are studied holistically by one or more methods. The case that is the subject of the inquiry will be an instance of a class of phenomena that provides an analytical frame an object within which the study is conducted and which the case illuminates and explicates. Thomas’s (2011) . Yin (1984, p. 23) defines the case study research method as an â€Å"empirical inquiry that investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context; when the boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident; and in which multiple sources of evidence are used†. He explains that case studies are conducted from the positivist as well as from the interpretist epistemological perspective, and places more emphasis on the ‘method’ and the ‘techniques’ that constitute a case study. The case study approach seeks to understand the problem being investigated. â€Å"It provides the opportunity to ask penetrating questions and to capture the richness of organizational behaviour, but the conclusions drawn may be specific to the particular organizations studied and may not be generalizable† Yin (1984, p. 23) Case studies are characterised by the following a. Data are usually qualitative rather than quantitative. It’s not that the numbers are unimportant but that they are relatively insignificant to the outcome. b. Data are not manipulated (the truth is told plainly). The issue of what ‘truth’ means is then raised. c. Studies mainly focus on single cases (but can include multiple ones). d. Ambiguity in observation and report is tolerated (rather than absolute outcomes). This means that there may not be clinical, clearly defined solutions. e. Multiple perspectives are sought. This means that the opinions and perceptions of many people may be requested. f. Holism (the sum of the parts is greater than the whole) is advocated. This means that the greater the range of data, the better. g. A search for understanding (for example, by reference to context or history) rather than mere explanation. Kenny Groteleuschen (1984) Yin (1993) has identified some specific types of case studies: Exploratory, Explanatory, and Descriptive. Stake (1998) included three others: intrinsic, instrumental and collective. An intrinsic case study is typically undertaken to learn about a unique phenomenon. The researcher should define the uniqueness of the phenomenon, which distinguishes it from all others. In contrast, the instrumental case study uses a particular case (some of which may be better than others) to gain a broader appreciation of an issue or phenomenon. History of the Case study It is generally believed that the case-study method was first introduced into social science by Frederic Le Play in 1829 as a handmaiden to statistics in his studies of family budgets. Les Ouvriers Europeens (1879) in . The use of case studies for the creation of new theory in social sciences has been further developed by the sociologists Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss who presented their research method, Grounded theory, in 1967. The popularity of case studies in testing hypotheses has developed only in recent decades. Case studies have also been used as a teaching method and as part of professional development, especially in business and legal education. The problem-based learning (PBL) movement is such an example. When used in (non-business) education and professional development and are often referred to as critical incidents. Advantages of a Case Study †¢Case studies allow a lot of detail to be collected. Normally this would not be easily obtained by other research designs. The collected data is normally of a greater depth and a lot richer than can be found through other experimental designs. †¢Case studies tend to be conducted on rare cases where large samples of similar participants are not available. As an example, to be able to gain knowledge of brain functions, this can only generally be done through case studies. †¢Within the case study, scientific experiments can be conducted. Case studies can help experimenters adapt ideas and produce novel hypotheses which can be used for later testing. †¢Knowledge! A lot of the research obtained through case studies is invaluable. Disadvantages of a Case Study †¢One of the main criticisms is that the data collected cannot necessarily be generalised to the wider population. This means that a lot of the data being collected is not always relevant or particularly useful. †¢Some case studies are not scientific. There have been quite a few case studies that are not scientific nor are they able to be generalised. Some of the case studies that Freud used for many of his theories or studies were not scientific. †¢Case studies are generally on one person, but there also tends to only be one experimenter collecting the data. Results can sometimes be influenced by the bias of the data collector, which is more applicable to case studies, than in different designs. †¢It is also very difficult to draw a definite cause/effect from case studies. Case studies also tend to collect mainly qualitative data. This has been put as neither an advantage or disadvantage, depending on the individual’s stance on qualitative data. Advantages and Disadvantages of Case Study Research (2013) Many well-known case study researchers such as Robert E. Stake, Robert K. Yin and Gary Thomas, have written about case study research and recommended techniques for organizing and conducting the research successfully. They suggest the six steps that should be used are: †¢Determine and define the research questions †¢Select the cases and determine data gathering and analysis techniques †¢Prepare to collect the data †¢Collect data in the field †¢Evaluate and analyse the data †¢Prepare the report Conclusion A case study can accomplish many of the same goals as other methods. For example, the case study can be exploratory (create new knowledge), constructive (solve some problem), or confirmatory (test a hypothesis with empirical evidence). The case study can also use either a primary (the researcher collects the data) or secondary (the researcher uses someone elses data) approach. Case study research can be based on any mix of quantitative and qualitative approaches. An important strength of case studies is the ability to undertake an investigation into a phenomenon in its context. It is important not to confuse case studies with ethnographic and other strictly qualitative research paradigms. Typically, it uses multiple data sources including direct detailed observations, interviews, and documents. Stake (1998, p. 7) states â€Å"Case studies are likely to continue to be popular because of their style and to be useful for exploration for those who search for explanatory laws. And, moreover, because of the universality and importance of experiential understanding, and because of their compatibility with such understanding, case studies can be expected to continue to have an epistemological advantage over other inquiry methods as a basis for naturalistic generalization†. Case studies are a valuable way of looking at the world around us. References The Advantages and Disadvantages of Case Study Research www. ukessays. com/essays/psychology/the-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-case-study-research-psychology-essay. php#ixzz2RC7oeWP6 accessed 9 May 2013 Crotty, M. (1998) The foundations of social science research:meaning and perspective in the research process,New SouthWales, Allen and Uwi Gorard, G. (2004). Combining methods in educational and social research. Berkshire: Open University Press Hayes,D. (2006) Faculty of Education, University of Plymouth, History of a case study . Accessed 8th May 2013 Kenny R. W. Groteleuschen A. D. (1984). ‘Making the Case for Case Study’ Journal of Curriculum studies, 16, pp. 37-31 Mertens, D. M. (2005). Research methods in education and psychology: Integrating diversity with quantitative and qualitative approaches. (2nd ed. ) Thousand Oaks: Sage. Soy, S K. (1997). The case study as a research method. Unpublished paper, University of Texas at Austin. Stake, R. E. (1978). The case study method in social inquiry. Educational Researcher 7: 5-8 Stake, Robert. (1995). The Art of case study Research. Thousand Oaks, London, Sage. Stake, Robert. (1998). â€Å"Case Studies† in: Norman Denzin Yvonna Lincoln. (eds. ): Strategies of Qualitative Inquiry. Thousand Oaks, London, New Delhi: Sage. Thomas, G (2011) A typology for the case study in social science following a review of definition, discourse and structure. Qualitative Inquiry, 17, 6, 511-521 . Yin, R. (1984,1989, 1994,2009). Case study research: Design and methods (1st ed. ). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publishing. Yin, R. (199). Applications of case study research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage